{"id":51328,"date":"2026-08-01T02:42:35","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T02:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sweden-smoke-free-snus-harm-reduction"},"modified":"2026-08-01T14:16:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T14:16:12","slug":"sweden-smoke-free-snus-harm-reduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/spravy-zo-sveta-vapingu\/sweden-smoke-free-snus-harm-reduction","title":{"rendered":"P\u00e4\u0165desiatro\u010dn\u00e1 strat\u00e9gia snusu v \u0160v\u00e9dsku: Dosiahnutie hranice 5 % bez dymu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160v\u00e9dsko je na pokraji toho, aby sa stalo prvou eur\u00f3pskou krajinou, ktor\u00e1 ofici\u00e1lne klesne pod hranicu 5 % dennej miery faj\u010denia. Tento prechod bol poh\u00e1\u0148an\u00fd dlhodobou zmenou spr\u00e1vania spotrebite\u013eov \u2013 od spa\u013eovac\u00edch cigariet k alternat\u00edvam s n\u00edzkym rizikom v \u00fastnej forme, ako s\u00fa snus a nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 vreck\u00e1. To podporili dane a regul\u00e1cie prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 riziku, ktor\u00e9 motivuj\u00fa k zmene.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hranica 5 %:<\/strong>\u00a0V roku 2024 denn\u00e9 faj\u010denie medzi dospel\u00fdmi dospel\u00fdmi naroden\u00fdmi vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku kleslo na 4,5 %, \u010d\u00edm prekonalo medzin\u00e1rodne uzn\u00e1van\u00fd cie\u013e bez dymu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u00fdnimka pre E\u00da:<\/strong>\u00a0Vstup \u0160v\u00e9dska do E\u00da v roku 1995 zah\u0155\u0148al trval\u00fa v\u00fdnimku z blokov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kazu \u00fastneho tabaku, \u010d\u00edm zachoval svoj hlavn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj na zni\u017eovanie \u0161k\u00f4d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uzavretie rozdielu medzi pohlaviami:<\/strong>\u00a0Zavedenie beztabakov\u00fdch nikot\u00ednov\u00fdch vreciek v roku 2018 ur\u00fdchlilo pokles faj\u010denia medzi \u0161v\u00e9dskymi \u017eenami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dane primeran\u00e9 riziku:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0160v\u00e9dsko zda\u0148uje spa\u013eovacie cigarety v\u00fdrazne vy\u0161\u0161ie, pri\u010dom zachov\u00e1va ni\u017e\u0161ie da\u0148ov\u00e9 sadzby pre bezspa\u013eovacie alternat\u00edvy, aby podporilo prechod na ne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160v\u00e9dska agent\u00fara verejn\u00e9ho zdravia <a href=\"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/spravy-zo-sveta-vapingu\/sweden-smoke-free-harm-reduction-eu-policy\">potvrdila<\/a>, \u017ee denn\u00e9 faj\u010denie medzi dospel\u00fdmi naroden\u00fdmi vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku kleslo na 4,5 %, \u010d\u00edm sa \u0160v\u00e9dsko stalo prvou krajinou Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie, ktor\u00e1 dosiahla hranicu 5 % bez dymu. T\u00e1to zmena sa uskuto\u010dnila po\u010das piatich desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed, ke\u010f spotrebitelia menili produkty \u2013 \u0160v\u00e9di systematicky nahr\u00e1dzali spa\u013eovacie cigarety n\u00edzkos\u00edrov\u00fdm (n\u00edzkotitr\u00e1tnim) \u00fastnym snusom a nikot\u00ednov\u00fdmi vreckami. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 \u00fadaje ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee dnes \u0160v\u00e9dsko patr\u00ed medzi krajiny s najni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi mierami \u00famrt\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s tabakom v Eur\u00f3pe, \u010d\u00edm spochyb\u0148uje tradi\u010dn\u00e9 prohibi\u010dn\u00e9 strat\u00e9gie kontroly tabaku.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00fdm zvy\u0161ok Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie z\u00e1pas\u00ed s priemernou mierou faj\u010denia dospel\u00fdch nad 20 %, pragmatick\u00fd pr\u00edstup \u0160v\u00e9dska pon\u00faka re\u00e1lnu \u0161t\u00fadiu pr\u00edpadovej praxe v oblasti zni\u017eovania \u0161k\u00f4d sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch tabakom. T\u00fdm, \u017ee umo\u017enila produktom s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm rizikom priamo konkurova\u0165 cigaret\u00e1m, \u0161v\u00e9dsky model ur\u00fdchlil pokles faj\u010denia v\u00fdrazne r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, ne\u017e by samotn\u00e9 konven\u010dn\u00e9 slu\u017eby odvykania alebo samotn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enia dan\u00ed mohli dosiahnu\u0165.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historick\u00fd pokles faj\u010denia v \u0160v\u00e9dsku (1976\u20132024)<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fa\u010dasne n\u00edzke miery faj\u010denia v \u0160v\u00e9dsku s\u00fa v\u00fdsledkom postupn\u00e9ho, viacdesiatkov\u00e9ho poklesu. V roku 1976 bolo faj\u010denie denne roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9: pribli\u017ene 40 % \u0161v\u00e9dskych mu\u017eov a 34 % \u0161v\u00e9dskych \u017eien faj\u010dilo pravidelne, ako dokumentuje\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/content\/12\/4\/349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Foulds et al. (2003)<\/a>. V priebehu nasleduj\u00facich tridsiatich rokov sa tieto \u010d\u00edsla v\u00fdrazne rozch\u00e1dzali pod\u013ea pohlavia. Do roku 2002 kleslo denn\u00e9mu faj\u010deniu u mu\u017eov na 15 %, no u \u017eien len na 20 %.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e1to odli\u0161n\u00e1 trajekt\u00f3ria pod\u013ea pohlavia odr\u00e1\u017eala jedine\u010dn\u00fa substit\u00faciu produktov. Zatia\u013e \u010do \u0161v\u00e9dski mu\u017ei r\u00fdchlo opustili cigarety v prospech tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fastneho snusu, \u0161v\u00e9dske \u017eeny neprijali produkt v rovnakom tempe kv\u00f4li kult\u00farnym vn\u00edmaniam. Po roku 2015 sa v\u0161ak pokles faj\u010denia ur\u00fdchlil pre obe pohlavia. V roku 2024\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/the-public-health-agency-of-sweden\/living-conditions-and-lifestyle\/andtg\/tobacco\/use-of-tobacco-and-nicotine-products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u0160v\u00e9dska agent\u00fara verejn\u00e9ho zdravia<\/a>\u00a0odhadla denn\u00e9 faj\u010denie medzi dospel\u00fdmi vo veku 16 a\u017e 84 na \u00farovni 5,4 % celkovo a 4,5 % v podskupine naroden\u00fdch vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku. Medzi mlad\u00fdmi dospel\u00fdmi vo veku 16 a\u017e 29 kleslo denn\u00e9 faj\u010denie cigariet na iba 2 %.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov zverejnen\u00fdch\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/smokefreesweden.org\/2024\/11\/13\/breaking-news-swedes-first-in-world-to-become-smoke-free-its-a-lesson-for-the-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Smoke Free Sweden<\/a>\u00a0toto \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 dosiahnutie znamen\u00e1, \u017ee dospel\u00ed naroden\u00ed vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku s\u00fa prvou n\u00e1rodnou podskupinou v E\u00da, ktor\u00e1 prekonala hranicu 95 % bez dymu. Odborn\u00edci z oblasti verejn\u00e9ho zdravia v\u0161ak zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa, \u017ee \u201ebez dymu\u201c sa nesmie zamie\u0148a\u0165 s \u201ebez nikot\u00ednu\u201c alebo \u201ebez tabaku\u201c, preto\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 popul\u00e1cie na\u010falej pou\u017e\u00edva snus a nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 vreck\u00e1 denne.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010d snusu a prist\u00fapenie \u0160v\u00e9dska k E\u00da v roku 1995<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prim\u00e1rnym faktorom poklesu faj\u010denia v \u0160v\u00e9dsku nebola vl\u00e1dna povinnos\u0165, ale zmena spr\u00e1vania veden\u00e1 spotrebite\u013emi. U\u017e od 70. a 80. rokov sa \u0161v\u00e9dski mu\u017ei, ktor\u00ed chceli presta\u0165 alebo sa vyhn\u00fa\u0165 cigaret\u00e1m, \u010doraz viac obracali na snus \u2013 pasterizovan\u00fd, vlhk\u00fd \u00fastny tabakov\u00fd produkt umiest\u0148ovan\u00fd pod horn\u00fa peru, ktor\u00fd dod\u00e1va nikot\u00edn bez spa\u013eovania. Ke\u010f\u017ee snus nezah\u0155\u0148a spa\u013eovanie tabaku, eliminuje vd\u00fdchnutie dechtu, oxidu uho\u013enat\u00e9ho a ve\u013ekej v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny karcinog\u00e9nov spojen\u00fdch s cigaretov\u00fdm dymom.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rozhoduj\u00faca politick\u00e1 udalos\u0165 nastala v roku 1995, ke\u010f \u0160v\u00e9dsko vst\u00fapilo do Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie. V roku 1992 E\u00da zaviedla \u00fapln\u00fd z\u00e1kaz predaja \u00fastnych tabakov\u00fdch produktov. Po\u010das rokovan\u00ed o prist\u00fapen\u00ed sa \u0160v\u00e9dsku podarilo z\u00edska\u0165 trval\u00fa v\u00fdnimku z tohto z\u00e1kazu, \u010d\u00edm sa zachovala leg\u00e1lna dostupnos\u0165 snusu na jeho \u00fazem\u00ed. Tento odklon, analyzovan\u00fd\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1455072521995704\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Salokannel a Ollila (2021)<\/a>, vytvoril jedine\u010dn\u00fa cestu k zni\u017eovaniu \u0161k\u00f4d, ak\u00fa nemal \u017eiadny in\u00fd \u010dlensk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t E\u00da.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vplyv tejto v\u00fdnimky na verejn\u00e9 zdravie bol okam\u017eit\u00fd a merate\u013en\u00fd. V\u00fdskum\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/content\/15\/3\/210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Ramstr\u00f6ma a Foulds (2006)<\/a>\u00a0odhalil, \u017ee pribli\u017ene 30 % b\u00fdval\u00fdch faj\u010diarov vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku pou\u017e\u00edvalo snus ako svoj hlavn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pri odvykan\u00ed. Navy\u0161e, mu\u017ei, ktor\u00ed za\u010dali u\u017e\u00edva\u0165 tabak so snusom, boli \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdrazne menej pravdepodobn\u00ed, \u017ee v neskor\u0161om \u017eivote prejd\u00fa na spa\u013eovacie cigarety, v porovnan\u00ed s t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed za\u010dali s cigaretami.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si viac: <a href=\"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/sprievodcovia-vapovanim\/snus-vs-nikotinove-vrecuska-rozdiely\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/guides\/snus-vs-nicotine-pouches-differences\">Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi snusom, \u0161nupac\u00edm tabakom a nikot\u00ednov\u00fdmi vreckami?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px\" \/>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdvoj posil\u0148uj\u00facich polit\u00edk (1993\u20132018)<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Substit\u00facia produktov v \u0160v\u00e9dsku sa nedeje v regula\u010dnom v\u00e1kuu. Vl\u00e1da spojila dostupnos\u0165 alternat\u00edv s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm rizikom s tradi\u010dn\u00fdmi opatreniami na kontrolu tabaku, ktor\u00e9 mali urobi\u0165 faj\u010denie \u010doraz n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161\u00edm a soci\u00e1lne neprijate\u013en\u00fdm. Medzi k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 legislat\u00edvne m\u00ed\u013eniky patrili:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Z\u00e1kon o tabaku z roku 1993:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00e1to legislat\u00edva zjednotila obmedzenia t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa reklamy na tabak a zaviedla povinn\u00e9 zdravotn\u00e9 varovania na obaloch cigariet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Obmedzenia veku (1997):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0160v\u00e9dsko zaviedlo pr\u00edsny minim\u00e1lny vek 18 rokov na n\u00e1kup v\u0161etk\u00fdch tabakov\u00fdch produktov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Podpora odvykania (1998):<\/strong>\u00a0Vl\u00e1da spustila n\u00e1rodn\u00fa infolinku pre odvykanie, ktor\u00e1 poskytuje behavior\u00e1lnu podporu faj\u010diarom, ktor\u00ed sa sna\u017eia presta\u0165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Z\u00e1kaz reklamy (2005):<\/strong>\u00a0V platnos\u0165 vst\u00fapil komplexn\u00fd z\u00e1kaz reklamy na tabak, \u010d\u00edm sa v\u00fdrazne obmedzila vidite\u013enos\u0165 zna\u010diek cigariet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simula\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article\/24\/3\/451\/498290\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Near et al. (2014)<\/a>\u00a0analyzovala vplyv t\u00fdchto polit\u00edk. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci dospeli k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee hoci zdanenie, z\u00e1kony o prostred\u00ed bez dymu a obmedzenia dostupnosti pre ml\u00e1de\u017e viedli k postupn\u00fdm poklesom faj\u010denia, s\u00fabe\u017en\u00e1 dostupnos\u0165 snusu priniesla zn\u00ed\u017eenie prevalencie faj\u010denia a \u00famrt\u00ed sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch tabakom, ktor\u00e9 by samotn\u00e9 konven\u010dn\u00e9 politiky nedok\u00e1zali dosiahnu\u0165.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na zaisten\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti spotrebite\u013eov sa podie\u013eali aj normy pre produkty. Dobrovo\u013en\u00e1 v\u00fdrobn\u00e1 norma GothiaTek, pop\u00edsan\u00e1\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1477-7517-8-11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Rutqvist et al. (2011)<\/a>, stanovila pr\u00edsne maxim\u00e1lne limity pre tabakovo \u0161pecifick\u00e9 nitrozam\u00edny, \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 kovy a \u010fal\u0161ie ne\u017eiaduce zlo\u017eky v \u0161v\u00e9dskom snuse, \u010d\u00edm zabezpe\u010dila, \u017ee alternat\u00edvny produkt zostal \u010do naj\u010distej\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9ra nikot\u00ednov\u00fdch vreciek a uzavretie rozdielu medzi pohlaviami<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po cel\u00e9 desa\u0165ro\u010dia mali pr\u00ednosy \u0161v\u00e9dskeho modelu zni\u017eovania \u0161k\u00f4d najm\u00e4 mu\u017ei, ke\u010f\u017ee u\u017e\u00edvanie snusu bolo kult\u00farne vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako \u201emu\u017esk\u00e1\u201c z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165. To zanechalo \u0161v\u00e9dske \u017eeny s vy\u0161\u0161ou mierou faj\u010denia ne\u017e mu\u017ei. T\u00e1to dynamika sa zmenila v\u010faka dvom technologick\u00fdm inov\u00e1ci\u00e1m: regulovan\u00e9mu vstupu elektronick\u00fdch cigariet v roku 2015 a r\u00fdchlemu prijatiu na trhu beztabakov\u00fdch nikot\u00ednov\u00fdch vreciek od roku 2018.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 vreck\u00e1 obsahuj\u00fa nikot\u00edn farmaceutickej kvality vstreknut\u00fd do v\u00fdplne z rastlinn\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien, \u010d\u00edm \u00faplne eliminuj\u00fa list tabaku. Ke\u010f\u017ee nezafarbuj\u00fa zuby a s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 v r\u00f4znych pr\u00edchutiach, obi\u0161li kult\u00farne bari\u00e9ry spojen\u00e9 s tradi\u010dn\u00fdm hned\u00fdm \u00fastnym snusom. Pod\u013ea\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/the-public-health-agency-of-sweden\/living-conditions-and-lifestyle\/andtg\/legal-requirements\/tobacco-free-nicotine-products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u0160v\u00e9dskej agent\u00fary verejn\u00e9ho zdravia (2023)<\/a>\u00a0si tieto produkty r\u00fdchlo z\u00edskali ob\u013eubu medzi dospel\u00fdmi \u017eenami.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160t\u00fadia\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/publichealth.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e85490\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Murphy et al. (2026)<\/a>\u00a0sledovala trendy v predaji or\u00e1lneho nikot\u00ednu v \u0160kandin\u00e1vii a uviedla, \u017ee n\u00e1rast nikot\u00ednov\u00fdch vreciek priamo koreloval s prudk\u00fdm poklesom miery faj\u010denia \u017eien. Tento vz\u0165ah nazna\u010duje, \u017ee dostupnos\u0165 spolo\u010densky prijate\u013enej or\u00e1lnej alternat\u00edvy bez tabaku umo\u017enila \u0161v\u00e9dskym \u017een\u00e1m zopakova\u0165 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa substitu\u010dn\u00fa cestu, ktor\u00fa predt\u00fdm vyu\u017e\u00edvali mu\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ekonomick\u00e9 stimuly a zdanenie primeran\u00e9 riziku<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regula\u010dn\u00fd r\u00e1mec \u0160v\u00e9dska stoj\u00ed na princ\u00edpe regul\u00e1cie primeranej riziku. Namiesto toho, aby sa v\u0161etky nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 produkty posudzovali rovnako, \u0161v\u00e9dske pr\u00e1vo vyu\u017e\u00edva da\u0148ov\u00fa politiku a obmedzenia v marketingu na to, aby nasmerovalo spotrebite\u013eov pre\u010d od spa\u013eovania a smerom k alternat\u00edvam s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm rizikom.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spotrebn\u00e9 dane na spa\u013eovacie cigarety zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa vysok\u00e9, \u010d\u00edm sa faj\u010denie st\u00e1va drah\u00fdm zvykom. Naopak, snus a beztabakov\u00e9 nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 vreck\u00e1 s\u00fa zda\u0148ovan\u00e9 v\u00fdrazne ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi sadzbami, \u010do odr\u00e1\u017ea ich ni\u017e\u0161ie postavenie v r\u00e1mci rizikov\u00e9ho spektra. Tento cenov\u00fd rozdiel poskytuje kontinu\u00e1lny ekonomick\u00fd stimul pre dospel\u00fdch faj\u010diarov, aby pre\u0161li na zmenu. Tento ekonomick\u00fd tlak je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd v skupin\u00e1ch s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm socioekonomick\u00fdm postaven\u00edm, kde sa miera faj\u010denia historicky koncentrovala.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010co sa t\u00fdka marketingu a verejn\u00e9ho priestoru, \u0160v\u00e9dsko zachov\u00e1va pr\u00edsne kontroly. Reklama na cigarety je silno obmedzen\u00e1 a faj\u010denie je zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 v priestoroch re\u0161taur\u00e1ci\u00ed vonku, na detsk\u00fdch ihrisk\u00e1ch, na zast\u00e1vkach autobusov a na n\u00e1stupi\u0161tiach pri vlakoch. Hoci limit vo veku 18 rokov plat\u00ed pre v\u0161etky nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 produkty, \u0160v\u00e9dsko neuplat\u0148uje plo\u0161n\u00fd z\u00e1kaz pr\u00edchut\u00ed pre snus ani nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 vreck\u00e1. Uzn\u00e1va, \u017ee pr\u00edchute s\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre to, aby sa dospel\u00ed faj\u010diari vedeli preorientova\u0165 pre\u010d od chuti spa\u013eovacieho tabaku.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dopady na verejn\u00e9 zdravie: Eur\u00f3pske porovnanie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Skuto\u010dn\u00fdm testom akejko\u013evek politiky v oblasti tabaku s\u00fa jej v\u00fdsledky v oblasti verejn\u00e9ho zdravia. Dlhodob\u00e9 spoliehanie \u0160v\u00e9dska na alternat\u00edvy or\u00e1lneho nikot\u00ednu viedlo k niektor\u00fdm z najni\u017e\u0161\u00edch mier \u00famrtnosti s\u00favisiacej s tabakom vo vyspelom svete.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Porovn\u00e1vacia anal\u00fdza\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tobaccoinduceddiseases.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1617-9625-12-14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Ramstr\u00f6ma a Wikmans (2014)<\/a>\u00a0sk\u00famala \u00famrtnos\u0165 mu\u017eov v celej Eur\u00f3pe. \u0160t\u00fadia zistila, \u017ee \u0161v\u00e9dski mu\u017ei mali aj napriek podobn\u00fdm \u00farovniam konzum\u00e1cie nikot\u00ednu ako v in\u00fdch eur\u00f3pskych krajin\u00e1ch najni\u017e\u0161ie miery \u00famrt\u00ed na rakovinu p\u013e\u00fac a kardiovaskul\u00e1rne \u00famrtia prip\u00edsate\u013en\u00e9 tabaku v r\u00e1mci E\u00da. Tento zdravotn\u00fd pr\u00ednos priamo s\u00favis\u00ed s t\u00fdm, \u017ee \u0161v\u00e9dski mu\u017ei konzumuj\u00fa nikot\u00edn prostredn\u00edctvom bezspa\u013eovacieho snusu, nie inhalovan\u00e9ho cigaretov\u00e9ho dymu.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento kontrast je v\u00fdrazn\u00fd v porovnan\u00ed s okolit\u00fdmi seversk\u00fdmi krajinami. V D\u00e1nsku a F\u00ednsku, kde sa predaj tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho snusu na z\u00e1klade pr\u00e1va E\u00da st\u00e1le zakazuje, miera faj\u010denia aj s t\u00fdm spojen\u00e9 zdravotn\u00e9 bremeno klesali v\u00fdrazne pomal\u0161ie, ako dokumentuj\u00fa profilov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly v\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/gsthr.org\/countries\/profile\/dnk\/cigarettes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction<\/a>. Sk\u00fasenos\u0165 \u0160v\u00e9dska ukazuje, \u017ee pr\u00edstup k bezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edm alternat\u00edvam je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou zni\u017eovania \u0161k\u00f4d sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch tabakom na \u00farovni celej popul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Rok<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Denn\u00e1 miera faj\u010denia (mu\u017ei)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Denn\u00e1 miera faj\u010denia (\u017eeny)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd m\u00ed\u013enik v politike alebo produkte<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1976<\/strong><\/td><td>40%<\/td><td>34%<\/td><td>Zmena smerom k or\u00e1lnemu snusu veden\u00e1 spotrebite\u013emi za\u010d\u00edna u mu\u017eov.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1993<\/strong><\/td><td>22%<\/td><td>24%<\/td><td>Z\u00e1kon o tabaku z roku 1993 obmedzuje reklamu a zav\u00e1dza zdravotn\u00e9 varovania.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1995<\/strong><\/td><td>19%<\/td><td>22%<\/td><td>\u0160v\u00e9dsko vstupuje do E\u00da a z\u00edskava trval\u00fa v\u00fdnimku pre or\u00e1lny snus.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2005<\/strong><\/td><td>14%<\/td><td>18%<\/td><td>V platnos\u0165 vstupuje komplexn\u00fd z\u00e1kaz reklamy na tabak.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2018<\/strong><\/td><td>7%<\/td><td>9%<\/td><td>Na trh prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa beztabakov\u00e9 nikot\u00ednov\u00e9 vreck\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 oslovuj\u00fa \u017eeny.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2024<\/strong><\/td><td>~5 %<\/td><td>~5,8 %<\/td><td>Faj\u010denie dospel\u00fdch naroden\u00fdch vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku kles\u00e1 na 4,5 %, \u010d\u00edm prech\u00e1dza hranicu bez dymu.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pou\u010denia pre glob\u00e1lnych regul\u00e1torov<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160v\u00e9dska cesta za pol storo\u010dia prin\u00e1\u0161a tri praktick\u00e9 pou\u010denia pre vl\u00e1dy, ktor\u00e9 chc\u00fa ur\u00fdchli\u0165 ukon\u010denie chor\u00f4b s\u00favisiacich s faj\u010den\u00edm:<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pou\u017ei\u0165 zdanenie primeran\u00e9 riziku:<\/strong>\u00a0Zdanenie bezspa\u013eovac\u00edch nikot\u00ednov\u00fdch produktov ni\u017e\u0161ou sadzbou ne\u017e cigarety vytv\u00e1ra trval\u00fd finan\u010dn\u00fd stimul pre faj\u010diarov, aby pre\u0161li na alternat\u00edvu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zavies\u0165 pr\u00edsne normy pre produkty:<\/strong>\u00a0Namiesto z\u00e1kazu alternat\u00edvnych produktov by regul\u00e1tori mali zavies\u0165 pr\u00edsne chemick\u00e9 a v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 normy (podobn\u00e9 ako GothiaTek), aby minimalizovali riziko pre spotrebite\u013eov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa plo\u0161n\u00fdm z\u00e1kazom:<\/strong>\u00a0Zak\u00e1zanie bezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch alternat\u00edv pri zachovan\u00ed leg\u00e1lnosti spa\u013eovac\u00edch cigariet chr\u00e1ni trh s cigaretami a tla\u010d\u00ed spotrebite\u013eov k neleg\u00e1lnym, neregulovan\u00fdm produktom.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160v\u00e9dska sk\u00fasenos\u0165 ukazuje, \u017ee na odstr\u00e1nenie \u00famrt\u00ed a chor\u00f4b s\u00favisiacich s tabakom netreba \u00faplne vyhubi\u0165 nikot\u00edn. Namiesto toho, ak vl\u00e1dy poskytn\u00fa dospel\u00fdm faj\u010diarom leg\u00e1lne, regulovan\u00e9 a l\u00e1kav\u00e9 bezspa\u013eovacie alternat\u00edvy, m\u00f4\u017eu v priebehu jednej gener\u00e1cie efekt\u00edvne rozobra\u0165 trh so spa\u013eovac\u00edmi cigaretami.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ako polstoro\u010die substit\u00facie nikot\u00ednu v \u00fastach pomohlo \u0160v\u00e9dsku zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 denn\u00fa mieru faj\u010denia na 4,5 %.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":40602,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2030],"tags":[2314,2962,2325],"class_list":["post-51328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spravy-zo-sveta-vapingu","tag-generacia-bez-dymu","tag-snus","tag-svedsko"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51328"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51328\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40602"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}