{"id":51381,"date":"2026-08-01T03:27:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T03:27:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/japan-cigarette-decline-heated-tobacco"},"modified":"2026-08-01T07:15:05","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T07:15:05","slug":"japan-cigarette-decline-heated-tobacco","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/spravy-zo-sveta-vapingu\/japan-cigarette-decline-heated-tobacco","title":{"rendered":"Pokles cigariet v Japonsku o 52 %: Ako ohrievan\u00fd tabak vytla\u010dil spa\u013eovanie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japonsko dosiahlo jeden z najr\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00edch poklesov predaja cigariet v\u00f4bec v r\u00e1mci ve\u013ek\u00e9ho trhu t\u00fdm, \u017ee umo\u017enilo, aby sa tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami (HTP) dostal do n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu, pri\u010dom tekut\u00fd nikot\u00edn zostal obmedzen\u00fd. Toto regula\u010dn\u00e9 rozdelenie smerovalo dospel\u00fdch faj\u010diarov k alternat\u00edvam bez spa\u013eovania, \u010d\u00edm zn\u00ed\u017eilo predaj cigariet o viac ne\u017e polovicu u\u017e len za trochu viac ne\u017e desa\u0165ro\u010die.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;border-top-left-radius:25px;border-top-right-radius:25px;border-bottom-left-radius:25px;border-bottom-right-radius:25px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pokles o 52,7 %:<\/strong> Predaj spa\u013eovan\u00fdch cigariet klesol o viac ne\u017e polovicu medzi rokmi 2011 a 2023 po zaveden\u00ed tabaku ohrievan\u00e9ho zariadeniami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Regula\u010dn\u00e1 asymetria:<\/strong> Tekut\u00fd nikot\u00edn je st\u00e1le obmedzen\u00fd pod\u013ea farmaceutick\u00fdch z\u00e1konov, zatia\u013e \u010do tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami sa riadi be\u017en\u00fdmi tabakov\u00fdmi predpismi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Motiva\u010dn\u00fd efekt vyhraden\u00e9ho priestoru:<\/strong> N\u00e1rodn\u00e9 z\u00e1kony bez dymu zaveden\u00e9 v roku 2018 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvanie HTP v ur\u010den\u00fdch priestoroch na posedenie v interi\u00e9ri, pri\u010dom spa\u013eovan\u00e9 faj\u010denie je zak\u00e1zan\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prepojen\u00fd prechod v s\u00falade so \u0161t\u00e1tom:<\/strong> Ministerstvo financi\u00ed vlastn\u00ed jednu-tretinov\u00fd podiel v spolo\u010dnosti Japan Tobacco, \u010d\u00edm sa zos\u00fala\u010fuj\u00fa \u0161t\u00e1tne a firemn\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy s prechodom na ohrievan\u00e9 alternat\u00edvy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japonsk\u00e9 ministerstvo zdravotn\u00edctva, pr\u00e1ce a soci\u00e1lnych vec\u00ed zdokumentovalo pokles dom\u00e1ceho predaja cigariet o 52,7 % medzi rokmi 2011 a 2023. T\u00e1to zmena, ktor\u00e1 prebiehala na trhu historicky charakterizovanom vysokou mierou faj\u010denia mu\u017eov, bola spusten\u00e1 zaveden\u00edm tabaku ohrievan\u00e9ho zariadeniami (HTP) koncom roku 2014. T\u00fdm, \u017ee Japonsko regulovalo HTP ako tabak a nie ako medic\u00ednske zariadenia, vytvorilo pr\u00e1vnu cestu, aby sa dospel\u00ed faj\u010diari mohli odkloni\u0165 od spa\u013eovania.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoci mnoh\u00e9 krajiny obmedzili alebo zak\u00e1zali alternat\u00edvy bez spa\u013eovania, r\u00e1mec japonskej politiky umo\u017enil, aby tabakov\u00e9 ty\u010dinky ohrievan\u00e9 zariadeniami konkurovali priamo tradi\u010dn\u00fdm cigaret\u00e1m. Tento pr\u00edstup stla\u010dil \u010dasov\u00fd horizont poklesu faj\u010denia a poskytol re\u00e1lnu uk\u00e1\u017eku toho, ako substit\u00facia produktov riaden\u00e1 trhom m\u00f4\u017ee vytla\u010di\u0165 spa\u013eovan\u00fd tabak.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si viac: <a href=\"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/studia-o-vape\/vaping-heated-tobacco-vs-smoking-cardiovascular-health\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/study\/vaping-heated-tobacco-vs-smoking-cardiovascular-health\">S\u00fa vape a tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie pre va\u0161e srdce ne\u017e faj\u010denie?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px\" \/>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Povojnov\u00e9 trendy faj\u010denia a postupn\u00fd pokles<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Povojnov\u00e9 Japonsko nieslo jednu z naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u201ecigaretov\u00fdch\u201c z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e\u00ed medzi krajinami s vysok\u00fdmi pr\u00edjmami. Denn\u00e9 faj\u010denie u japonsk\u00fdch mu\u017eov dosiahlo v roku 1966 vrchol 83,7 %, poh\u00e1\u0148an\u00e9 spolo\u010denskou akcept\u00e1ciou a \u0161irokou dostupnos\u0165ou lacn\u00fdch dom\u00e1cich cigariet. Naproti tomu prevalencia faj\u010denia u \u017eien zost\u00e1vala n\u00edzka, dr\u017eala sa pribli\u017ene na \u00farovni 16 %, preto\u017ee siln\u00e9 spolo\u010densk\u00e9 normy odr\u00e1dzali \u017eeny od faj\u010denia na verejnosti, ako uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa historick\u00e9 prieskumy spolo\u010dnosti\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jt.com\/media\/news\/2018\/pdf\/20180730_02.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Japan Tobacco Inc. (2018)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V priebehu nasleduj\u00facich nieko\u013ek\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed sa miery faj\u010denia postupne zni\u017eovali. Pod\u013ea\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nibn.go.jp\/eiken\/kenkounippon21\/download_files\/eiyouchousa\/2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">N\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho prieskumu zdravia a v\u00fd\u017eivy (2019)<\/a> kleslo obvykl\u00e9 faj\u010denie u dospel\u00fdch z 46,8 % u mu\u017eov a 11,3 % u \u017eien v roku 2003 na 27,1 % u mu\u017eov a 7,6 % u \u017eien v roku 2019. To predstavovalo celkov\u00fa mieru faj\u010denia dospel\u00fdch 16,7 %.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aj ke\u010f boli tieto poklesy stabiln\u00e9, tempo zni\u017eovania bolo v porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi vyspel\u00fdmi ekonomikami pomal\u00e9. Tradi\u010dn\u00e9 opatrenia na kontrolu tabaku, ako verejn\u00e9 vzdel\u00e1vacie kampane a mierne zvy\u0161ovanie dan\u00ed, mali len postupn\u00fd dopad na hlboko zakorenen\u00fa faj\u010diarsku kult\u00faru v Japonsku. Tento trend sa zmenil, ke\u010f do spotrebite\u013esk\u00e9ho trhu vst\u00fapila technol\u00f3gia tabaku ohrievan\u00e9ho zariadeniami.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Katalyz\u00e1tor z roku 2014: Tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami prich\u00e1dza do Nagoje<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V novembri 2014 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Philip Morris International spustila vo svojej sk\u00fa\u0161obnej lokalite v Nagoji syst\u00e9m IQOS na b\u00e1ze tabaku ohrievan\u00e9ho zariadeniami. Produkt ohrieva \u0161peci\u00e1lne navrhnut\u00e9 tabakov\u00e9 ty\u010dinky na teploty pod \u00farov\u0148ou spa\u013eovania a uvo\u013e\u0148uje nikot\u00ednov\u00fd aeros\u00f3l bez tvorby dymu, popola alebo oh\u0148a. Reakcia trhu bola okam\u017eit\u00e1. Test sa roz\u0161\u00edril na 12 prefekt\u00far do septembra 2015, po \u010dom nasledovalo celon\u00e1rodn\u00e9 uvedenie v apr\u00edli 2016, ako dokumentuje\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/content\/27\/e1\/e25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Tabuchi et al. (2018)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konkurenti r\u00fdchlo nasledovali. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Japan Tobacco uviedla Ploom TECH v marci 2016 a British American Tobacco priniesla na trh glo v decembri toho ist\u00e9ho roku. U\u017e do dvoch rokov od celon\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho uvedenia Japonsko tvorilo pribli\u017ene 98 % glob\u00e1lneho predaja IQOS pod\u013ea objemu, \u010d\u00edm preuk\u00e1zalo mimoriadne r\u00fdchlu mieru osvojenia zo strany spotrebite\u013eov.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rozhoduj\u00facim faktorom pri tom, pre\u010do vyplnili substitu\u010dn\u00fd priestor tabaky ohrievan\u00e9 zariadeniami a nie vape s tekut\u00fdm nikot\u00ednom, bolo regula\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie. Pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona o farmaceutick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkoch a zdravotn\u00edckych pom\u00f4ckach Japonsko klasifikuje tekut\u00fd nikot\u00edn ako farmaceutick\u00fa l\u00e1tku, \u010d\u00edm v praxi \u00fa\u010dinne zakazuje predaj e-cigariet obsahuj\u00facich nikot\u00edn od roku 2010. Naproti tomu produkty s tabakom ohrievan\u00fdm zariadeniami obsahuj\u00fa skuto\u010dn\u00fd tabakov\u00fd list, tak\u017ee spadaj\u00fa pod Z\u00e1kon o tabakovom podnikan\u00ed. V\u010faka tomu mohli HTP ob\u00eds\u0165 farmaceutick\u00e9 schva\u013eovanie a dosta\u0165 sa do be\u017en\u00fdch maloobchodn\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Region\u00e1lna anal\u00fdza od\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/content\/29\/4\/381\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Stoklosa et al. (2020)<\/a> sledovala predaj tabaku naprie\u010d 11 japonsk\u00fdmi regi\u00f3nmi. \u0160t\u00fadia potvrdila, \u017ee predaj spa\u013eovan\u00fdch cigariet za\u010dal v\u00fdrazne klesa\u0165 presne v \u010dase, ke\u010f bol v ka\u017edom pr\u00edslu\u0161nom regi\u00f3ne uveden\u00fd IQOS, \u010d\u00edm sa vyl\u00fa\u010dili alternat\u00edvne vysvetlenia n\u00e1hleho poklesu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Posilnenie politiky: Z\u00e1kon na podporu zdravia a \u00fapravy dan\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japonsko nielen\u017ee deregualizovalo svoj tabakov\u00fd trh; namiesto toho upravilo kombin\u00e1ciu polit\u00edk tak, aby posilnila posun spotrebite\u013eov pre\u010d od spa\u013eovania. Vl\u00e1da zaviedla dve hlavn\u00e9 opatrenia, ktor\u00e9 mali podpori\u0165 tento prechod:<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Postupn\u00e9 zvy\u0161ovanie spotrebn\u00fdch dan\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V rokoch 2018 a 2020 ministerstvo financi\u00ed zaviedlo postupn\u00e9 zvy\u0161ovanie spotrebn\u00fdch dan\u00ed. Tieto zv\u00fd\u0161enia sa vz\u0165ahovali na spa\u013eovan\u00e9 cigarety aj na produkty s tabakom ohrievan\u00fdm zariadeniami. \u0160trukt\u00fara dan\u00ed v\u0161ak zachovala cenov\u00fd rozdiel, v\u010faka ktor\u00e9mu boli tabakov\u00e9 ty\u010dinky ohrievan\u00e9 zariadeniami o nie\u010do lacnej\u0161ie ne\u017e pr\u00e9miov\u00e9 cigarety. Longitudin\u00e1lna \u0161t\u00fadia od\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/25\/4\/657\/6849786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Matsuyama and Tabuchi (2023)<\/a> zistila, \u017ee tieto da\u0148ov\u00e9 zmeny s\u00faviseli so zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm miery n\u00e1vratu k faj\u010deniu a so zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm prechodu na alternat\u00edvy bez spa\u013eovania.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Novela z\u00e1kona o podpore zdravia z roku 2018<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Najpriamej\u0161ia motiva\u010dn\u00e1 politika pri\u0161la prostredn\u00edctvom novely z\u00e1kona o podpore zdravia z roku 2018, ktor\u00e1 sa zav\u00e1dzala postupne od j\u00fala 2019 do apr\u00edla 2020. Tento z\u00e1kon roz\u0161\u00edril povinn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 bez dymu aj na \u0161koly, nemocnice, re\u0161taur\u00e1cie a pracovisk\u00e1. Ako v\u0161ak analyzoval\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/content\/35\/1\/43\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Togawa et al. (2026)<\/a>, legislat\u00edva zaobch\u00e1dzala s tabakom ohrievan\u00fdm zariadeniami odli\u0161ne ne\u017e so spa\u013eovan\u00fdmi cigaretami:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Priestory na spa\u013eovan\u00e9 faj\u010denie:<\/strong> Prev\u00e1dzky m\u00f4\u017eu vytvori\u0165 vyhraden\u00e9 faj\u010diarske miestnosti, no n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edci maj\u00fa striktne zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 konzumova\u0165 v nich jedlo alebo n\u00e1poje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Priestory pre tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami:<\/strong> Prev\u00e1dzky m\u00f4\u017eu ur\u010di\u0165 konkr\u00e9tne miestnosti na pou\u017e\u00edvanie tabaku ohrievan\u00e9ho zariadeniami, kde je n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edkom zo z\u00e1kona povolen\u00e9 jes\u0165 a pi\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e1to regula\u010dn\u00e1 odli\u0161nos\u0165 priniesla praktick\u00fa v\u00fdhodu majite\u013eom podnikov aj samotn\u00fdm spotrebite\u013eom. Povzbudila podniky v oblasti pohostinstva, aby svoje priestory presunuli v\u00fdlu\u010dne na tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami, \u010d\u00edm sa spa\u013eovan\u00e9 faj\u010denie postupne dost\u00e1valo na okraj.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kult\u00farne a \u0161truktur\u00e1lne faktory prechod na alternat\u00edvy<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00fdchle prijatie tabaku ohrievan\u00e9ho zariadeniami v Japonsku podporili \u0161pecifick\u00e9 kult\u00farne a socioekonomick\u00e9 podmienky. Japonsk\u00e1 faj\u010diarska kult\u00fara bola silno orientovan\u00e1 na etiketu s pr\u00edsnymi spolo\u010densk\u00fdmi normami t\u00fdkaj\u00facimi sa verejnej \u010distoty a oh\u013eaduplnosti vo\u010di ostatn\u00fdm. Tabakov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky ohrievan\u00e9 zariadeniami, ktor\u00e9 neprodukuj\u00fa pas\u00edvny dym a nezanech\u00e1vaj\u00fa pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00faci z\u00e1pach na oble\u010den\u00ed ani vo vlasoch, vyrie\u0161ili ve\u013ek\u00fd zdroj spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho trenia pre dospel\u00fdch faj\u010diarov.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Okrem toho siln\u00e1 spotrebite\u013esk\u00e1 preferencia pre technol\u00f3gie a elektronick\u00e9 \u201egadgety\u201c u\u013eah\u010dila prijatie zariaden\u00ed HTP, najm\u00e4 u mu\u017eov vo veku 20 a\u017e 39 rokov. Ritu\u00e1l manipul\u00e1cie, nab\u00edjania a \u00fadr\u017eby elektronick\u00e9ho zariadenia sa prirodzene mapoval na existuj\u00face fyzick\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch faj\u010diarov.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na prechod zohrala \u00falohu aj jedine\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161truktur\u00e1lna vlastnos\u0165 japonsk\u00e9ho trhu. Pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona mus\u00ed ministerstvo financi\u00ed dr\u017ea\u0165 minim\u00e1lne jednu-tretinu podielu v Japan Tobacco, dominantnom dom\u00e1com v\u00fdrobcovi, ako je podrobne uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jt.com\/investors\/results\/integrated_report\/report\/2023\/about\/info\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Integrated Report spolo\u010dnosti Japan Tobacco (2023)<\/a>. Tento fi\u0161k\u00e1lny vz\u0165ah historicky spoma\u013eoval tradi\u010dn\u00fa legislat\u00edvu na kontrolu tabaku, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 zos\u00faladil finan\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy \u0161t\u00e1tu s pivotom Japan Tobacco smerom k tabaku ohrievan\u00e9mu zariadeniami. Na za\u010diatku 20. rokov 2020 u\u017e tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami predstavoval viac ne\u017e 36 % z celkov\u00e9ho dom\u00e1ceho predaja tabaku v Japonsku, \u010do je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed podiel zaznamenan\u00fd v ktorejko\u013evek ve\u013ekej ekonomike.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Region\u00e1lne porovnania: Ju\u017en\u00e1 K\u00f3rea a Taiwan<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dopad regula\u010dn\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed v Japonsku vynik\u00e1 pri porovnan\u00ed s bl\u00edzkymi trhmi v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zie. Ju\u017en\u00e1 K\u00f3rea a Taiwan zvolili odli\u0161n\u00e9 postupy vo vz\u0165ahu k alternat\u00edvam bez spa\u013eovania, \u010do viedlo k rozdielnym v\u00fdsledkom na trhu.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V Ju\u017enej K\u00f3rei bol IQOS uveden\u00fd v j\u00fani 2017. Podiel na trhu s tabakom ohrievan\u00fdm zariadeniami vzr\u00e1stol na 14,8 % do roku 2022, ako uv\u00e1dza\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7509116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Lee (2020)<\/a>. Aj ke\u010f to predstavuje r\u00fdchly prechod, substitu\u010dn\u00fd efekt bol v porovnan\u00ed s Japonskom men\u0161\u00ed. Tento rozdiel sa pripisuje otvoren\u00e9mu pr\u00e1vnemu trhu s e-cigaretami s tekut\u00fdm nikot\u00ednom v Ju\u017enej K\u00f3rei, ktor\u00fd rozdelil kateg\u00f3riu zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9ho rizika a konkuroval o pozornos\u0165 spotrebite\u013eov sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd japonsk\u00fd regulovan\u00fd, obmedzen\u00fd trh nedok\u00e1zal.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taiwan naopak zvolil z\u00e1kazn\u00edcku, prohibi\u010dn\u00fa strat\u00e9giu. V roku 2023 Taiwan prijal novelu, ktor\u00e1 \u00faplne zak\u00e1zala elektronick\u00e9 cigarety a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vy\u017eadovala pr\u00edsne pos\u00fadenia zdravotn\u00fdch riz\u00edk pre produkty s tabakom ohrievan\u00fdm zariadeniami, \u010d\u00edm ich v praxi dr\u017eala mimo leg\u00e1lneho trhu. Ako analyzoval\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-abstract\/27\/5\/945\/7906918\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Wei et al. (2025)<\/a>, t\u00e1to politika nezanechala dospel\u00fdm faj\u010diarom \u017eiadne leg\u00e1lne, regulovan\u00e9 alternat\u00edvy bez spa\u013eovania, \u010d\u00edm si zachovala monopol spa\u013eovan\u00fdch cigariet na trhu.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Regula\u010dn\u00fd aspekt<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Spa\u013eovan\u00e9 cigarety<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Produkty s tabakom ohrievan\u00fdm zariadeniami (HTP)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Vape s tekut\u00fdm nikot\u00ednom<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Pr\u00e1vny status<\/strong><\/td><td>Leg\u00e1lne (od 20+ rokov)<\/td><td>Leg\u00e1lne (od 20+ rokov)<\/td><td>De facto zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 (farmaceutick\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Najvy\u0161\u0161ia spotrebn\u00e1 da\u0148<\/td><td>Stredn\u00e1 spotrebn\u00e1 da\u0148 (mierne ni\u017e\u0161ia)<\/td><td>N\/A (neregulovan\u00e9\/neleg\u00e1lne)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pou\u017eitie v priestoroch na sedenie<\/strong><\/td><td>Zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 (okrem nefaj\u010diarskych priestorov ur\u010den\u00fdch mimo sedenia)<\/td><td>Povolen\u00e9 v ur\u010den\u00fdch priestoroch na sedenie<\/td><td>Zak\u00e1zan\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Trend predaja (2011 \u2013 2023)<\/strong><\/td><td>Pokles o 52,7 %<\/td><td>Vzostup z 0 na ~50 mili\u00e1rd kusov<\/td><td>Nezmyseln\u00e9\/zanedbate\u013en\u00e9 (iba neleg\u00e1lny trh)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pou\u010denia pre glob\u00e1lnu politiku v oblasti tabaku<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sk\u00fasenos\u0165 Japonska pon\u00faka jasn\u00e9 poznatky pre medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch regul\u00e1torov, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa rie\u0161i\u0165 \u00famrtnos\u0165 s\u00favisiacu s faj\u010den\u00edm:<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>N\u00e1hrada produktov funguje:<\/strong> Dospel\u00ed faj\u010diari prejd\u00fa dobrovo\u013ene od spa\u013eovan\u00fdch cigariet, ak bud\u00fa ma\u0165 pr\u00edstup k uspokojiv\u00fdm, leg\u00e1lne dostupn\u00fdm alternat\u00edvam bez spa\u013eovania.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Regula\u010dn\u00e9 cesty z\u00e1le\u017eia:<\/strong> Ak sa alternat\u00edvy s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm rizikom klasifikuj\u00fa pod\u013ea be\u017en\u00fdch tabakov\u00fdch z\u00e1konov namiesto zlo\u017eit\u00fdch medic\u00ednskych r\u00e1mcov, m\u00f4\u017eu sa dosta\u0165 k spotrebite\u013eom a konkurova\u0165 cigaret\u00e1m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zla\u010fte praktick\u00e9 stimuly:<\/strong> Diferencovanie z\u00e1konov pre pou\u017e\u00edvanie v interi\u00e9roch tak, aby zv\u00fdhodnili produkty bez spa\u013eovania pred faj\u010den\u00edm, poskytuje spotrebite\u013eom siln\u00fa ka\u017edodenn\u00fa motiv\u00e1ciu na prechod.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japonsky model ukazuje, \u017ee r\u00fdchly pokles spotreby cigariet nevy\u017eaduje \u00fapln\u00fd z\u00e1kaz nikot\u00ednu. T\u00fdm, \u017ee Japonsko umo\u017enilo technologick\u00fdm alternat\u00edvam vytl\u00e1\u010da\u0165 spa\u013eovanie, ur\u00fdchlilo pokles svojho cigarov\u00e9ho trhu r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ne\u017e takmer ktor\u00e1ko\u013evek in\u00e1 krajina s vysok\u00fdmi pr\u00edjmami.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si viac: <a href=\"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/spravy-zo-sveta-vapingu\/sweden-smoke-free-snus-harm-reduction\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/news\/sweden-smoke-free-snus-harm-reduction\">\u0160v\u00e9dska polstoro\u010dn\u00e1 snus strat\u00e9gia: Dosiahnutie hranice 5 % bez dymu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px\" \/>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ako regula\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodnutia a tabak ohrievan\u00fd zariadeniami podnietili jeden z najr\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00edch historick\u00fdch poklesov predaja cigariet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":51382,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2030],"tags":[2981,2032],"class_list":["post-51381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spravy-zo-sveta-vapingu","tag-japonsko","tag-zahrievane-tabakove-vyrobky"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51381"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51381\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/51382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stagvape.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}