Yeni Zelanda, yeti\u015fkin sigara i\u00e7imini ulusal b\u0131rakma stratejisine d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir t\u00fcketici-vaping \u00e7er\u00e7evesi entegre ederek h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc; \u00f6zellikle de yerli M\u0101ori n\u00fcfusunda g\u00f6r\u00fclen ciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k e\u015fitsizliklerini hedefledi. Ancak 2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda planlanan t\u00fct\u00fcn \u201cendgame\u201d yasalar\u0131n\u0131n aniden siyasi olarak iptal edilmesi, uzun vadeli siyasi uzla\u015f\u0131dan yoksun politika modellerinin ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.<\/p>\n\n
\u00a0Yeni Zelanda Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/a>\u00a02025\u2019te yeti\u015fkin g\u00fcnl\u00fck sigara i\u00e7im oranlar\u0131n\u0131n %6,8\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; bunun da 2011\u2019deki %16,4 seviyesinden gerileme oldu\u011funu bildirdi. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, y\u00fcksek t\u00fct\u00fcn vergileriyle d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir t\u00fcketici-vape piyasas\u0131n\u0131 birlikte kullanan \u00fclkenin \u201cSmokefree 2025\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesi alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m etnik sa\u011fl\u0131k e\u015fitsizliklerini hedef ald\u0131; ancak yak\u0131n zamanda planlanan t\u00fct\u00fcn yasa\u011f\u0131 yasalar\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi oda\u011f\u0131 yeniden perakende d\u00fczenlemelerine ve gen\u00e7leri korumaya kayd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n Kom\u015fusu Avustralya \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131, re\u00e7ete ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir model izlerken; Yeni Zelanda buhar \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini yeti\u015fkin sigara i\u00e7iciler i\u00e7in eri\u015filebilir t\u00fcketici alternatifleri olarak ele almay\u0131 tercih etti. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan veriler, yan\u0131c\u0131 sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe i\u015faret ederken; ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fckselen gen\u00e7 vaping oranlar\u0131 d\u00fczenleyicileri daha s\u0131k\u0131 piyasa g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri uygulamaya zorlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n Yeni Zelanda\u2019n\u0131n modern t\u00fct\u00fcn politikas\u0131 tabandan gelen M\u0101ori savunuculu\u011fu ile \u015fekillendi. Y\u0131llar boyunca M\u0101ori topluluklar\u0131, \u00fclkenin t\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn orant\u0131s\u0131z \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlendi. 2011\u2019de M\u0101ori\u2019lerde g\u00fcnl\u00fck sigara i\u00e7imi yakla\u015f\u0131k %37,3\u2019t\u00fc; bu da M\u0101ori ve M\u0101ori olmayan n\u00fcfuslar aras\u0131nda yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ya\u015fam beklentisi fark\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, M\u0101ori \u0130\u015fleri Se\u00e7me Komitesi 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda yerli topluluklar \u00fczerinde ticari t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihsel etkisini detayland\u0131ran kapsaml\u0131 bir inceleme yapt\u0131. Bu inceleme, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin Mart 2011\u2019de \u201cSmokefree 2025\u201d hedefini belirlemesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ama\u00e7, 2025\u2019e kadar t\u00fcm demografik gruplarda g\u00fcnl\u00fck sigara oranlar\u0131n\u0131 %5\u2019in alt\u0131na indirmekti; t\u00fct\u00fcn kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc bir antla\u015fma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varolu\u015f meselesi olarak \u00e7er\u00e7eveledi.<\/p>\n\n Bu hedefi desteklemek i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmet, 2010\u2019dan 2020\u2019ye kadar enflasyonun \u00fczerinde y\u0131ll\u0131k %10\u2019luk t\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zel t\u00fcketim vergisi art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 uygulad\u0131. Bu fiyatland\u0131rma politikas\u0131, yan\u0131c\u0131 sigaralar\u0131 giderek daha pahal\u0131 hale getirerek sigara i\u00e7enler i\u00e7in alternatif nikotin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 aramalar\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ekonomik te\u015fvik olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n Yeti\u015fkin sigara i\u00e7enler alternatif arad\u0131k\u00e7a, Yeni Zelanda e-sigaralara y\u00f6nelik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 resmile\u015ftirdi. Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products Amendment Act 2020, vaping i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f t\u00fcketici eri\u015fim \u00e7er\u00e7evesi olu\u015fturdu. Vape\u2019lerin eczanelere veya t\u0131bbi kanallara s\u0131k\u0131 \u015fekilde hapsedilmesi yerine, belirli kontroller alt\u0131nda bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin s\u0131radan perakende ortamlarda sat\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verildi:<\/p>\n\n Bu t\u00fcketici eri\u015fim modeli, yan\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcnden uzakla\u015fma ge\u00e7i\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. 2017\u2019den 2025\u2019e kadar yeti\u015fkin g\u00fcnl\u00fck sigara i\u00e7imi %14,5\u2019ten %6,8\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yeti\u015fkin g\u00fcnl\u00fck vaping\u2019i %2,6\u2019dan %11,7\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi; g\u00fcnl\u00fck vape kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ise eski veya mevcut sigara i\u00e7icisi olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n Aral\u0131k 2022\u2019de Yeni Zelanda h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Smoked Tobacco Amendment Act\u2019i ge\u00e7irerek yan\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcn pazar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen bir a\u015famal\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f denemesi yapt\u0131. Bu mevzuat \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fcnya \u00f6rne\u011fi \u201cendgame\u201d d\u00fczenlemesi getirdi:<\/p>\n\n Bu \u00f6nlemlerin sim\u00fclasyon modellerinde, sigara oranlar\u0131n\u0131 5% hedefinin alt\u0131na h\u0131zl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde indirece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclse de; yasa paketi siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131. 2023\u2019\u00fcn sonlar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin ard\u0131ndan, parlamenter aciliyet kapsam\u0131nda, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmeden \u00f6nce gelen koalisyon \u00fc\u00e7 endgame d\u00fczenlemesinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rd\u0131<\/a>; bu durum Andrew (2024)<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130ptal, halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ziyade siyasi uzla\u015fmalar ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 karaborsa endi\u015feleriyle \u015fekillendi.<\/p>\n\n Sonras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products Amendment Act 2024 (6 Mart 2024\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi) ulusal politikay\u0131 2020 \u00e7er\u00e7evesine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc; y\u00fcksek \u00f6zel t\u00fcketim vergilerine, ya\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131na ve t\u00fcketici-vaping eri\u015fimine dayanarak sigara oranlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmay\u0131 hedefledi.<\/p>\n\n Yeni Zelanda\u2019n\u0131n liberal t\u00fcketici eri\u015fim modeli yeti\u015fkin sigaras\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde azaltt\u0131; ancak bu ayn\u0131 zamanda gen\u00e7 vaping\u2019de h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 2025\u2019e gelindi\u011finde 18-24 ya\u015f aras\u0131 yeti\u015fkinlerde g\u00fcnl\u00fck vaping y\u00fcksek seviyelere ula\u015ft\u0131 ve M\u0101ori\u2019de g\u00fcnl\u00fck vaping %27,5\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. E\u011fitimciler ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunucular\u0131 bu trende ele\u015ftirel yakla\u015ft\u0131; 2020 d\u00fczenlemelerinin, sigara i\u00e7meyenleri ve gen\u00e7leri korumak i\u00e7in yetersiz oldu\u011funu savundular.<\/p>\n\n Bu endi\u015feleri gidermek i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmet, 2024\u2019\u00fcn sonu ve 2025\u2019te bir dizi hedefli k\u0131s\u0131tlamay\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irdi; Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> g\u00fcncellemelerinde \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetlendi:<\/p>\n\n Bu d\u00fczenlemeler, sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakma s\u00fcrecinde yeti\u015fkinlere eri\u015fimi dengelemeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken; gen\u00e7lerin ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc korumalar sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik devam eden bir \u00e7aban\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyor.<\/p>\n\n Yeni Zelanda\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcketici eri\u015fimi modelinin Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n daha k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmu\u015ftur. Ekim 2021\u2019den 2024\u2019\u00fcn sonlar\u0131na kadar Avustralya nikotin vaping \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in re\u00e7ete ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir model s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc<\/a>; bu daha sonra re\u00e7etesiz ancak yaln\u0131zca eczanelerden temine izin verecek \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\nM\u0101ori Catalyst ve Smokefree 2025 Hedefi<\/h2>\n\n
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\n<\/div>\n\n2020 Vaping \u00c7er\u00e7evesi ve T\u00fcketici \u0130kamesi<\/h2>\n\n
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2022 T\u00fct\u00fcn Endgame\u2019inin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n
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Ticaret Dengesi Y\u00f6netimi: Gen\u00e7 Vaping ve Yeni G\u00fcvenceler<\/h2>\n\n
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Trans-Tasman Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131: Yeni Zelanda vs. Avustralya<\/h2>\n\n